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Together, these processes produced a strong territorial inequality that still characterizes the entire urban region. In contrast to Hong Kong, however, this centralized and authoritarian form of territorial regulation was implemented in parallel to extant local forms of housing provision that allowed for self-empowerment through social welfare. Falling demand for new houses in the mega conjuntos, an exodus of residents and subsequent halting of their interest payments, and, above all, the developers' aggressive financial policies plunged the developers into a crisis in 2013. The high architectural and landscape quality of many grands ensembles could not balance social stigmatization and territorial segregation. What seems to be a quick 'rise and fall' of mass housing urbanization at the urban fringes of the metropolitan region is strongly related to the re-densification policy of certain popular inner-city districts of Mexico City. Rodriguez, C. ; Van Buynder, P. ; Lugg, R. ; Blair, P. ; Devine, B. Living on reclaimed land in mexico city has provided stellar returns. ; Cook, A. ; Weinstein, P. Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative. In 1898, the colony further expanded through the ninety-nine-year lease of the 'New Territories' north of Kowloon, which a century later would lead to the handover of the entire colony to the People's Republic of China. Álvarez, M. Presa subterránea Aire No. Here, financialization itself was the underlying raison d'être for mass housing urbanization through the model of the mega conjuntos which ceded housing provision to market mechanisms. Although contractually committed to constructing the necessary residential infrastructure, they provide only basic services and infrastructures, and those are often late, insufficient, and particularly short in water supply. Explanation: Living on reclaimed land in Mexico City has both advantages and disadvantages.

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The Paris case shows a different type of territorial regulation, one based on a territorial compromise that also involved local governments. Footnote 65 In the mid-1950s, the government started to develop entire industrial towns on reclaimed land in Kwun Tong and Tsuen Wan to relocate families and allow Chinese industrialists to set up new factories. The government managed these high-density communities through town planning and land-use zoning: public facilities were allocated according to population thresholds and economic efficiency.

Mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement||LAN and other federal regulations define what are the conditions under concessions can be cancelled. The makeover of Mexico City –. In its long-term housing policy programme launched in 1987, the colonial government shifted its attention from public rental housing to the subsidized sale of housing and introduced new incentives to boost homeownership. Connect with others, with spontaneous photos and videos, and random live-streaming. Definition of water rights and institutional arrangements for allocations||Concessions |.

Footnote 38 Territorial isolation and lack of public transport resulted in the creation of a double periphery: many grands ensembles were peripheral to the centre of Paris and cut off from easy access to local centralities and the crucial amenities of daily life. To maximize the number of rehoused people, the government opted for a highly dense form of mass housing using minimal land areas at the lowest cost. De Aguas De La Ciudad De México 2015. 39 Cupers, The Social Project, 243–52. During the three decades of post-war boom, mass housing urbanization in Hong Kong initially evolved from a short-term response to social unrest into a spatial strategy to contain immigration and illegal squatting. MAR Projects to Restore Contaminated or Depleted Aquifers. In the following, we compare how mass housing urbanization came into existence in these three urban regions, what goals motivated its origination, and how different peripheralization processes unfolded over time. State control of available land is thus a necessary condition for mass housing urbanization, which can be achieved through the regulation of the land and housing markets in combination with planning strategies and the imposition of various forms of land tenure. These mass housing peripheries thus came to be fully integrated into the growing metropolitan territory by the railway and highway systems, which also facilitated the large-scale production of condominium towers for the middle classes in the New Towns. Living on reclaimed land in Mexico City has provided __________. - Brainly.com. González & Juárez [77] |.

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The others were realized by a variety of small-scale public or semi-public housing providers acting at a local scale, as exemplified by the high-quality social housing projects in the communist municipalities of Ivry-sur-Seine and St Denis. Mukherji, A. ; Shah, T. Groundwater Socio-Ecology and Governance: A Review of Institutions and Policies in Selected Countries. In 2005, after the Housing Authority won a legal challenge at the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, it launched the large-scale privatization of commercial properties in all public housing estates. Full article: Peripheralization through mass housing urbanization in Hong Kong, Mexico City, and Paris. The rapidly increasing rents and poor living conditions in subdivided housing and urban renewal projects drove low-income families from inner-city areas to the New Towns.

As a result, the ejidos of Mexico City were turned into major urban land reserves, giving rise to marketized, profit-oriented urban development. Tidwell, V. ; Moreland, B. ; Shaneyfelt, C. ; Kobos, P. Mapping Water Availability, Cost and Projected Consumptive Use in the Eastern United States with Comparisons to the West. While members of the middle class received strong economic incentives to leave the social housing sector, new legal tools facilitating inner-city urban renewal and squatter clearance fostered the relocation of racialized and poor people to the grands ensembles in the urban periphery. Living on reclaimed land in mexico city has provided data. Other - Business & Finance. A similar process of socio-economic peripheralization and territorial fragmentation began in the 1980s in Hong Kong. Footnote 37 While public bus connections were mostly available, travel time to the centre of Paris could easily exceed ninety minutes. Having speculated on anticipated profits which were not realized, by this time they owed the banks over 2 billion US dollars. Second, they were implemented through contradictory modes of governing: on the one hand, an authoritarian interventionism derived from colonial rule furthered the relocation of working-class populations to the urban periphery; while, on the other hand, municipal action allowed for local empowerment. In the following three chapters, one for each case study, we first investigate the agencies and administrative tools of the main actors who initiated the process of mass housing urbanization. Upon completion of the construction phase, they hand over the administration of the settlements to the local government, which is not obliged to take any planning or construction measures until this transfer – and can even deny municipalization if developers do not fully comply. He applied this conceptualization in his analysis of the restructuring of the Paris region in the 1950s and 1960s, describing the relocation of the working class from central neighbourhoods to the new housing estates in the urban periphery, which led to the massive reduction of everyday amenities, opportunities, and possibilities. Even though the newly built settlements are generally located at the geographical periphery of densely settled areas, they do not necessarily experience spatial isolation and lack of centrality.

The failure of the corporate model for public housing. 84 Chen and Pun, "Neoliberalization and Privatization". Once at Infonavit, he now works for EMBARQ México, a Mexican nonprofit that developed a bus rapid-transit corridor that links road to rail. The production of civic pride. In this article, we compare mass housing urbanization in Hong Kong, Mexico City, Paris. Computers & Internet. That is, while Hong Kong's centre was reserved for commercial and financial activities and British capitalists, the incoming Chinese industrialists and the working class were relegated to the peripheries. Friedrich Ebert Foundation: Mexico City, México, 2005; p. 139. These research results reveal the relevance of comparisons across very different socio-economic and urbanistic contexts, confronting colonial social rental housing in high-rises and two-story row houses accessed via mortgage payments. Villholth, K. ; Elena, L. ; Conti, K. ; Garrido, A. ; van der Gun, J. In Mexico City, 60 percent of commuters still depend on informal (and unregulated and polluting) microbuses. In a city that is still, underneath, a place of "lakes and volcanoes, " said Castillo, resilience and adaption is built into the culture.

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Quality Assessment of an Aquifer Recharged with Wastewater for Its Potential Use as Drinking Source: "El Mezquital Valley" Case. The twenty-two ZUPs launched in the Paris region from 1959 to 1969 comprised 140, 000 housing units and covered a territory of nearly 6, 000 hectares – half the size of the City of Paris. 103 Soederberg, "Subprime Housing Goes South", 483. In 2004, it allocated 24 billion euros (through 2030) for the demolition (in part or in whole) and reconstruction of precarious grands ensembles across the nation. Politics & Government. Some inhabitants began to open businesses in their own homes, starting restaurants, hair salons, and workshops in their living rooms. It was based on the colonial government's principle of non-intervention into economy and society, small government, no tariffs, and a low tax system. One GSD program is the Mexican Cities Initiative, launched in 2013 to study urban vulnerabilities and innovations. Foster, S. ; Garduño, T. ; Kemper, K. ; Nanni, M. Briefing Note Series Note 12 Urban Wastewater as. Some Mexico City streets now have one lane for pedestrians and one for cars, as on 16 September Avenue. In general, however, they were often located in sites that suffered more from peripheralization, as disadvantaged sites had more frequent vacancies. They catapulted the life routines of the upper working and lower middle classes from the nineteenth into the twentieth century and provided the grounds for the formation of a consumer and leisure society. One striking paradox of this kind of mass housing urbanization is that the quality of the urban environment improved while it reproduced disciplinary power. The user demographics defied expectations.

Much of this urban growth was absorbed by modernist high-rise estates colloquially called grands ensembles. Thanks to stringent regulatory reform in the last two decades, the situation has dramatically improved. Public Health 2009, 6, 1174. Both paradigms operated as social projects intended to create a supposedly homogenous group of either colonial or colonizing subjects: a colonial working class with a Hong Kong identity and a modern middle-class of white French culture in Paris. 31 Godard et al., La rénovation urbaine à Paris, 12–14; Coing, Rénovation urbaine. At the same time, it led to a large-scale territorial divide: while Hong Kong's centre continued to be dominated by commercial and financial activities and British capitalists, the incoming Chinese industrialists and the working class were relegated to the periphery. The hillside settlement is no Paris, but its unpaved streets are charmingly crooked and narrow and its housing, no higher than a few stories, colorful and individual.

It is, after all, a city where tenuous but imaginative informal housing sprouts amid the grid of formal architecture, a city where shanties, wash lines, and water tanks pop up on the rooftops of high-rent buildings. The SCIC soon became the main housing investor in Île-de-France, where it financed and built 60, 000 housing units until 1964, including the New Town of Sarcelles. All these processes resulted in strong socio-spatial segregation and a fragmented and heterogenous territorial pattern (Map 1). At present, much of what gets built is informal; no architects need apply. Brooks, D. ; Holtz, S. Water Soft Path Analysis: From Principles to Practice. From the rooftop, Castillo pointed to the urban tendrils creeping up the distant foothills. Elsevier: Boston, CA, USA, 2014; pp. Instead, mass housing urbanization was used to re-establish and legitimatize the colonial government's dominant rule in the post-war society. Silva-Hidalgo, H. ; González-Núñez, M. ; Pinales, A. ; Villalobos, A. Proyecto de manejo de recarga de acuíferos en los ojos de Chuvíscar, Chihuahua, México. The colony of Hong Kong developed in the contradictory interplay of British colonialism and free-trade capitalism. Ley de Aguas Nacionales.

It is a relational concept for identifying the polarization of power, wealth, and access to economic and social resources between central and peripheral areas. The D. 's budget for water, power, transportation, and parks is enough to cover 9 million, not 14 million, she said, "but we have to share it. This territorial organization involved a strong logistic peripheralization. The planning of this large-scale territorial project in the 1960s exemplified the authoritarian, top-down mode of Gaullist governing. With ongoing deindustrialization and metropolization, the real estate sector and the MTR became the motors of economic and territorial development, while the coupling of public housing and industrial production lost its importance. Policy 2008, 11, 272–284. The Law of the Nation's Water (LAN) establishes procedures for allocations. Millions of daily commuters board the city's efficient subways, which are routinely quicker from point to point than a car.

Footnote 84 The privatization of about 180 shopping centres and food markets drastically increased the value and the rents of the retail spaces in the housing estates, which in turn increased general household expenditures, as small retail stores and family enterprises selling at lower prices had to relocate or give up their businesses. This upgrading policy, which was implemented in the early 2000s by the government of the Distrito Federal (today Ciudad de México, CDMX), contributed to leapfrogging mass housing urbanization beyond its borders to the surrounding Estado de México (the provincial state that houses the majority of the over 21 million inhabitants of Mexico City).

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