Chapter 6 The Muscular System Answer Key Strokes, Harrelson Sofa Loveseat Chair And Ottoman Storage

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Cat Muscles Lab Guide - checklist of the muscles you need to identify on the cat. How do muscles change when they increase or decrease in size? That is, each motor neuron will innervate a small number of muscle fibers (10-100), enabling many nuances of movement of the entire muscle. They contain protein filaments that slide over one another using energy in ATP. They do not have to program the exact force and velocity of individual muscles, or coordinate movements with changes in posture; these low-level tasks are performed by the lower levels of the hierarchy. Chapter 6 the muscular system answers key. An increase in the rate of action potentials fired by the motor neuron causes an increase in the amount of force that the motor unit generates.

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The arm bends at the elbow and the forearm will move up. The arm would straighten out. Spinal curvatures can also be excessive dorsoventrally (kyphosis) causing a hunch back and thoracic compression. Sample answer: Three reasons that muscle atrophy may occur include lack of physical activity, such as might occur with immobility due to a broken bone or surgery; starvation; and certain diseases, such as AIDS or cancer. They are attached to actin filaments. Chapter 6 the muscular system answer key west. Give one example of connective tissue that is found in muscles.

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There are 3 types of muscle spindle fibers, characterized by their shape and the type of information they convey (Figure 1. It occurs when a tendon is over-extended or worked too hard without rest. Some orthopedic problems can be treated with medications, exercises, braces, and other devices, but others may be best treated with surgery (Figure 6. Muscular system questions and answers pdf. White blood cells play a role in the immune system fighting off foreign invaders in our body – without white blood cells you would not be able to recover from infection. What are two examples of flexibility exercises? Suppose your osseous tissue could not store calcium.

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Treatment can range from exercise to surgery. 9 shows the responses of each type of afferent to a linear stretch of the muscle. The mechanism that may underlie many of the general health benefits of physical exercise is the release of hormones called myokines from contracting muscles. 2 Some Necessary Components of Proper Motor Control. Part 3: Cat Muscles and Dissection. 4 Muscle Contraction: Review Questions and Answers. 10 Sensory Innervation of Muscle Spindles. During the stretch, the two types differ in their responses. Sample answer: If the acetylcholine receptors were blocked, muscle contraction would be prevented or at least inhibited. On Earth, muscle cells are continually challenged by gravity, and moving and lifting objects against gravity is a form of physical activity that helps maintain the size of muscle fibres. If a muscle is required for fine control or for delicate movements (e. g., movement of the fingers or hands), its motor units will tend to have small innervation ratios. Most muscles contain both fast- and slow-twitch fibers, but in different proportions. Its cells contains a great many mitochondria to produce ATP for energy and help the heart resist fatigue.

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Dynamic nuclear chain fibers This answer is INCORRECT. Skeletal muscle tissue is striated because of the pattern of sarcomeres in its fibres. Rather, they are specialized receptors that signal (a) the length and (b) the rate of change of length (velocity) of the muscle. Thus, when the CNS instructs a muscle to contract, it not only sends the appropriate signals to the alpha motor neurons, it also instructs gamma motor neurons to contract the intrafusal fibers appropriately; this coordinated process is referred to as alpha-gamma coactivation. Semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement. Muscle force is controlled in part by... A. Alpha-gamma coactivation. What is the difference between primary and secondary Parkinson's disease? The motor system must generate movements that are adaptive and that accomplish the goals of the organism. C. - D. - E. Types of fibers contained within muscle spindles include... A. The Ib fibers do not change appreciably, because the balloon does not add much load to the muscle. If a resting muscle is stretched, the muscle spindle becomes stretched in parallel, sending signals through the primary and secondary afferents.

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The calcium in osseous tissue provides mineral support to bones. Myasthenia gravis is a genetic neuromuscular disorder most often caused by immune system antibodies blocking acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells and the actual loss of acetylcholine receptors. The motor commands that work to raise the hand of an infant would fail completely to raise the hand of an adult. This shortens sarcomeres and thus causes contractions. The motor neurons that control limb and body movements are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, and the motor neurons that control head and facial movements are located in the motor nuclei of the brainstem. The disorders may be caused by sudden exertion, over-exertion, repetitive motions, and similar stresses.

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Initially, both Group Ia and Group II fibers fire at a certain rate, encoding the current length of the muscle. Furthermore, if the system were unable to adapt, we would never be able to acquire motor skills, such as playing a piano, hitting a baseball, or performing microsurgery. What may explain the positive benefits of physical exercise on cognition? Contractions of smooth muscles are not under conscious control.

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Other organ systems rely on this calcium for action (specifically, muscle contraction and neural signaling). The muscle spindle signals muscle length and velocity to the CNS through two types of specialized sensory fibers that innervate the intrafusal fibers. Other sets by this creator. Skeletal muscles also have connective tissue supporting and protecting the muscle tissue. What if a heavy object (a bowling ball) were placed in the hand instead? By comparing desired activity with actual activity, sensory feedback allows for corrections in movements as they take place, and it also allows modifications to motor programs so that future movements are performed more accurately. Because they do not innervate the dynamic nuclear bag fibers, Group II afferents signal information about muscle length only. Some functions of the skeletal system are more readily observable than others. The Golgi tendon organ signals the amount of force being applied to a muscle. The spinal cord also contains complex circuitry for such rhythmic behaviors as walking. D. Golgi tendon organs This answer is INCORRECT.

Sample answer: Tendons and nervous system tissue. Raising one's hand from a resting position on a desk, compared to a resting position on top of the head, results in the same final position of the arm, but these two movements require different patterns of muscle activation. Numerous studies suggest that regular aerobic exercise works as well as pharmaceutical antidepressants in treating mild-to-moderate depression, possibly because it increases synthesis of natural euphoriants in the brain. Each individual muscle fiber in a muscle is innervated by one, and only one, motor neuron (make sure you understand the difference between a muscle and a muscle fiber). The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments and other tissues that perform essential functions for the human body. For example, as a child grows and its body changes, different constraints are placed on the motor system in terms of the size and mass of bones and muscles.

Can too much physical exercise be harmful? Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. These unconscious processes allow higher-order brain areas to concern themselves with broad desires and goals, rather than low-level implementations of movements. What will be the angular velocity at which the maximum power be delivered? The unique connective tissue that fills the interior of most bones is referred to as bone marrow. Alpha motor neurons innervate extrafusal fibers, the highly contracting fibers that supply the muscle with its power. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and vessels. 12 illustrates the difference in information conveyed by muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs. Why is padding of a strained muscle part of the typical treatment?

Together, they perform the following functions: Support, Movement, and Protection. Without the skeletal system, you would be a limp mass of organs, muscle, and skin. The motor system hierarchy consists of 4 levels (Figure 1.

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