Native American Stone Fishing Weights: City Of Santa Monica Rent Control

Wednesday, 31 July 2024

Most modern Virginians might know the difference between a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and a cell phone, but few modern Virginians have the geological expertise of the First Virginians. Vintage, handmade, refurbished, or modified electrical or electronic products may not meet current safety standards and may not be in safe working order. Sharp edges were essential for spear points to cut through the hides of game animals, blades to sever plant stalks easily, and drills to create holes for manufacture of clothing and cooking containers. Shop our collection of authentic Native American turquoise jewelry including vintage and contemporary Navajo, Zuni and Hopi pieces. The projectile points, tools, FCR, and lithic debris they left behind are some of the only artifacts that were able to survive until today. Based on our analyses, we find that plummet form is well explained as a component of weighted looms, supporting the early use weaving technology in the Late Archaic of Eastern North America. In addition to using rocks as a material for making tools, Native Americans used bedrock cliff faces as a canvas in at least two locations in Virginia. Bone and sometimes shell fish hooks are found on sites with good faunal preservation. Native american stone points. Alternative hypotheses proposed include their use as sacred burial, mortuary and ceremonial objects. Pods of soapstone were formed as the Iapetus Ocean seafloor was shoved west and metamorphosed during the Taconic orogeny.

Native American Stone Points

Sometimes, fishers fastened perforated stones to the bottom of fishing nets extending into the river from shore. The exotic blue-gray chert may have been quarried in one place and carried that long distance by the same people migrating eastward. This is done through a process called pressure flaking. Stone weights hi-res stock photography and images. Also, differential preservation of fish remains versus larger mammal remains in archeological deposits could be a factor. Native Americans have fished the waters of the Columbia River for at least 10, 000 years. Native Americans used sandstone ledges and caves for shelter, and carefully selected different types of rock to make tools. Although notched stone net sinkers appear to have been replaced by other fishing methods and subsistence practices after the Archaic period, they remain as an early example of native adaptive technology in response to dramatic environmental changes.

To work the jasper stones free from the muddy matrix at the bottom of the vein, Native American miners squeezed into a dark hole in the ground to extract jasper from a crack just 10" wide. Forest resources such as nuts were heavily utilized, as evidenced by an increase in plant processing artifacts such as pitted nutting stones. The band of Paleo-Indians took the chunks away in order to do their detail work in a safer location, where there was less risk of a competing band stealing their hard-earned raw material. Online document, accessed August 2020, The trading patterns in prehistoric America were extensive. This sinker stone was once used by Indian fishers on the Columbia River. Those ancient hunters probably traveled further west to the James River near modern-day Buchanan. Native american stone fishing weights used. National Museum of the American Indian. Paleo-Indians would quarry chunks of preferred rock at Williamson and walk to another site, where the chunks would be worked into tools for perhaps another seasonal round of hunting and gathering. The Boney site in Greensville County, 30 miles away from Williamson, is a quarry reduction site where the initial chunks were processed into points, scrapers, and other tools. And is interpreted as an expression of the quartz core and uniface technology recently identified in the Northeast. Streams naturally deposited mud on the cave walls during floods, and later stream migration left the deposits intact. To make a stone tool, flakes are removed from a core by striking them off with a hammerstone or antler baton.

Native American Stone Fishing Weights Used

25 (1997), p. 163; "Distribution of Cherts suggesting the movements of Clovis Hunter Microbands, " Stone's Archaeology Pages, ; "The Williamson Clovis Site, 44DW1, Dinwiddie County, Virginia: An Analysis of Research Potential in Threatened Areas, " Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Research Report Series No. Ames, Kenneth M. and Herbert D. G. Maschner. Most items made from organic material (baskets, clothing, houses) has decayed, but the stone tools remain largely unchanged in the soil until discovery by farmers after rainstorms in plowed fields, bulldozer operators clearing a site for a new road/house, looters seeking artifacts, or archeologists seeking information. Recycling stone brought into a new territory reduced problem of being unfamiliar with the landscape. Virginia's archeological sites are dated largely through the charcoal remaining from old cooking and warming fires. When archeologists discover a new type of stone tool at a site, debate begins on whether the occupants of that area evolved a new technique, learned a new technique from neighbors - or whether a new group of people moved into the territory. "The thought was that maybe if we knew where the scoria came from by fingerprinting the origin of a few fragments of cogged stones and the rocks exposed in Southern California using the mineral content and geochemical characteristics, we could help narrow down the meaning or uses of the artifacts by the Tongva tribe, " Memeti said. Modern glass Coca-Cola bottles have a similar structure, and in the 1600's Native Americans manufactured points from glass obtained from colonists. We do not crop images. Geologists Identify Rock Source of Native American Cogged Stones From Orange County. Stone chipped to create sharp edges, developed in Paleo Period and suitable for spear tip to penetrate thick hide of a large mammal.

A core is the first stage of lithic reduction, where the rock is considered an artifact. Of course, it would not have been a figure 8 to the maker, but the maker would have known the shape would end up on top of the knob. The prehistoric miners may have been young children, perhaps held upside-down by their ankles as they reached down into the narrow dark crevice. How much do river stones weigh. To browse and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. The researchers examined the collection of cogged stones at the Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, as well as samples from other local museum collections, and collaborated with several other scientists.

How Much Do River Stones Weigh

Purchase a reproduction of this item on. Patterson, alumnus Ryan McKay and their faculty research adviser Valbone "Vali" Memeti focused on learning more about the mystery of cogged stones. For the research, four cogged stone fragments were donated from the Orange County Archaeological and Paleontological Center in Santa Ana for analysis, with the focus to determine the origin of the rock, Patterson said. What remain are the stones, walls and enclosures that survived in protected areas along Connecticut's coast. Notched point, developed in Archaic Period. The netting would quickly rot and marine worms could destroy a four-inch hickory pole in one summer. Native American Fishing Weight - Etsy Brazil. "It should be of interest to people because it helps place a missing piece of the puzzle for a historical object. 22 State House Station, 18 Elkins Lane, Augusta, ME 04333-0022. See Etsy's Terms of Use for more information. Source: Council for West Virginia Archaeology, Recent Vandalism at Salt Rock Petroglyph and the "Prom Queen" Petroglyph. Anything that has been made or changed by someone in the past is therefore considered to be an artifact. Some chunks were reduced only partially to create "preforms, " which could be processed later into whatever tool might be required at the time before returning to the base quarry to restock. It is unknown when they were created. 1086-1087, (last checked October 20, 2020).

"44" stands for the state of Virginia, because the record-keeping system for cultural resources was developed in the days before 51 was assigned as the state's Federal Information Processing Standard or FIPS code. The prehistoric stone masons produced cores of good jasper/chert, the stone that flaked in the right pattern to form useful points with sharp edges. The softer sandstone was useless for making tools. "Early Woodland 1, 200-500 B. C., " from First People: The Early Indians of Virginia, University Press of Virginia, (last checked July 2, 2012).

In this appeal we consider whether a provision of the Santa Monica Rent Control Charter Amendment (art. If the power of the commission established by the statute to regulate the relation is established, as we think it is, by what we have said, this objection amounts to little. The Proceedings Below. Without addressing the merits of the other states' approach to the jury trial issue, plaintiff interveners propose a different analysis.

Santa Monica Rent Control Board Members List

Some commentators suggest that a licensing board's authority to revoke or suspend licenses stems from the inherent strength of the police power itself. We note that our sister states have approved in principle the authority of administrative agencies to impose money penalties as a reasonable means of enforcing administrative regulations. It is true, as plaintiff notes, that in the course of vindicating a general "public right" in the enforcement of maximum rents, the administrative proceedings challenged here also determine the rights of private individuals as they relate to those rents. SMRR started in the 1970s as an advocacy group for renters, but has evolved into a political organization that has controlled every lever of power in Santa Monica for 42 years until 2020 when their grip on the City Council was loosened. Fallon, supra, 101 915, 921. ) For example, the Jersey Maid decision might have rested on a conclusion that the provision was unconstitutional because it did not specifically provide for judicial review of the administrative determination. Since the order was effective immediately, the landlord could have petitioned for judicial relief immediately, and sought a stay, before the withholding started in April. In April 1979 the voters of the City of Santa Monica adopted by initiative a rent control ordinance to be administered by the Board. It stressed that such a power may constitutionally be delegated to an administrative agency (id., at p. 246). Check out my attached video if you want to see and hear why I was a good candidate for the Rent Control Board who would have given a touch of balance and input from an owner's point of view. According to the financial statement he filed with the city clerk, Johnson has raised $1, 210 for his campaign--including a $300 personal loan--and spent only $257. Article VI, section 1 of the California Constitution provides: "The judicial power of this State is vested in the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, superior courts, municipal courts, and justice courts.... " Despite the breadth of that statement, various administrative agencies in this state are authorized by the Constitution to exercise judicial powers. It remains, of course, to resolve in different categories of cases, the procedures for and scope of judicial review necessary to fulfill the goal of reserving to the courts this essential attribute of judicial power. Borrino, part of the SMRR slate, has raised $1, 340 and spent just $32 for her individual campaign.
2d 75, 81-85 [87 P. 2d 848]; Laisne v. Cal. 3] When, as here, a decision treats an issue in a "summary and conclusory" manner, and is "virtually devoid of reasoning, " its authoritative status is undermined. "Having gone through it myself, having seen how effective you all are when you work with tenants who are having issues to help them navigate and get resolution on those issues, I really feel passionate about joining you and helping my neighbors, helping fellow Santa Monicans navigate those issues and take advantage of the rights they have here, " he told the board. New Jersey: Jackson v. Concord Co., supra, 253 A. B) & (d), 13350, subds.

Santa Monica Rent Control Board Mar

3d 390] legitimate regulatory purpose of an administrative agency, punitive damages for violation of the regulatory scheme must be conceded to be reasonably necessary. Indeed, in a recent discussion of the public rights doctrine, the high court confirmed this view: "The Court has treated as a matter of 'public right'... an administrative proceeding to determine the rights of landlords and tenants. The result in McKee, although consistent with the modern trend throughout the nation (see post, pp. Joel Martin Levy, Jana Zimmer, Michael Heumann, Stephen P. Wiman and Marsha Jones Moutrie for Defendant and Appellant. We expressly "conceded" in Suckow v. Alderson, supra, 182 Cal. 2) Require registration of all controlled rental units under Section 1803(q).

The stories shaping California. The Board may avoid the constitutional problem outlined above by (as a matter of regular procedure) staying enforcement of its orders for a period of time sufficient to allow an aggrieved party to seek from the courts a stay of the Board's order under Code of Civil Procedure section 1094. The narrow holding of this case is only that the Board's order was unconstitutional because it did not allow the landlord sufficient time to seek [49 Cal. 6) Hire and pay necessary staff, including hearing examiners and personnel to issue orders, rules and regulations, conduct hearings and charge fees. "The judicial power of the state shall be vested in a supreme court, a court of appeals consisting of districts as prescribed by law, and circuit courts. Reinstatement of the employee and payment for time lost are requirements [administratively] imposed for violation of the statute and are remedies appropriate to its enforcement. The Ellis Act, adopted in 1986, allows landlords to legally evict tenants and go out of business, provided they give adequate notice and pay relocation fees. The first is that other methods such as "imposition of fines or penalties, awards of costs and attorney fees" could be used to induce compliance with the rent control ordinance, and there is no reason to think these would be insufficient. We conclude, however, that the veritable tidal wave of decisions against plaintiff's view cannot be ignored, and that our sister states' decisions on this issue suggest a workable solution to the constitutional problem posed here. Each applicant was given three minutes to present their case to the board for why they should be chosen. Neither statute has faced a challenge based on the agency's constitutional authority to order such remedies, although our courts have affirmed administrative decisions imposing such damages.

City Of Santa Monica Rent Control

Following are brief backgrounds on each of the candidates, in the same order as on the ballot: Jay P. Johnson, 47, was appointed to the rent board to replace Julie Lopez Dad in March as a compromise candidate after a split board could not agree on several other candidates. Nothing in the statute purported to make the fixing of such "damages" (and the order that reparation be made) a condition of an order for license suspension or revocation. In such a case, restitution or recovery of filing fees "shall be the exclusive remedies. Youst v. Longo, supra, 43 Cal. Plaintiff also sought to enjoin the Board from acting on any complaints for excess rent under the former subdivision. Initially, the courts reacted to this executive expansion with the suspicion and fear that the burgeoning bureaucracy would endanger the prevailing concepts of individual rights. ] But if an administrative board's exercise of "judicial-like" power is justified as a reasonable means of effectuating its regulatory goal, it is difficult to explain why a price control board may not order restitution in order to effectuate its own regulatory goal -- unless an order for monetary recovery is itself of such a character that it is purely judicial, and may be imposed only by a court. 568, 586, 589 [87 L. 2d 409, 423, 425].

The Jersey Maid Decision. Upholding administrative imposition of "back pay" and "front pay" in employment discrimination case]. It defined such power as "'the power to "decide and pronounce a judgment and carry it into effect... "'" (ibid. In addition, the Board's order is also thereby given legal effect: the order, pursuant to the Charter Amendment, is an affirmative defense to an unlawful detainer action based on the tenant's nonpayment of rent. Under section 1811, the Board, tenants or landlords of controlled units may seek a court order enjoining violations of the rent control law. I, § 16) to the administrative award of damages, the majority adopts the substantive-limitations test earlier applied in the context of the judicial powers doctrine. We conclude today, however, that this aspect of Jersey Maid should not be accorded precedential weight. If we conclude that "restitutive" compensatory damages to remedy individual harm are necessary to the fulfillment of the [49 Cal. If nonconstitutional administrative agencies were barred from adjudicating all money claims between private individuals who are subject to administrative regulation, such agencies would be precluded from exercising powers routinely employed, and not previously challenged. D); former § 1809, subd. Footnote omitted. ]"

Plasti-Line, Inc. Human Rights Com'n (Tenn. 1988) 746 S. 2d 691, involved the constitutional authority of an antidiscrimination commission.