The Great Climate Flip-Flop / Elongated French Loaf Crossword Clue Today

Wednesday, 31 July 2024

Temperature records suggest that there is some grand mechanism underlying all of this, and that it has two major states. It would be especially nice to see another dozen major groups of scientists doing climate simulations, discovering the intervention mistakes as quickly as possible and learning from them. By 1961 the oceanographer Henry Stommel, of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, in Massachusetts, was beginning to worry that these warming currents might stop flowing if too much fresh water was added to the surface of the northern seas.

The Sheet In 3 Sheets To The Wind Crossword Answer

Plummeting crop yields would cause some powerful countries to try to take over their neighbors or distant lands—if only because their armies, unpaid and lacking food, would go marauding, both at home and across the borders. These carry the North Atlantic's excess salt southward from the bottom of the Atlantic, around the tip of Africa, through the Indian Ocean, and up around the Pacific Ocean. Abortive responses and rapid chattering between modes are common problems in nonlinear systems with not quite enough oomph—the reason that old fluorescent lights flicker. The fjords of Greenland offer some dramatic examples of the possibilities for freshwater floods. In the Greenland Sea over the 1980s salt sinking declined by 80 percent. A stabilized climate must have a wide "comfort zone, " and be able to survive the El Niños of the short term. For example, I can imagine that ocean currents carrying more warm surface waters north or south from the equatorial regions might, in consequence, cool the Equator somewhat. The expression three sheets to the wind. Instead we would try one thing after another, creating a patchwork of solutions that might hold for another few decades, allowing the search for a better stabilizing mechanism to continue.

The Expression Three Sheets To The Wind

If Europe had weather like Canada's, it could feed only one out of twenty-three present-day Europeans. Greenland's east coast has a profusion of fjords between 70°N and 80°N, including one that is the world's biggest. In Broecker's view, failures of salt flushing cause a worldwide rearrangement of ocean currents, resulting in—and this is the speculative part—less evaporation from the tropics. The sheet in 3 sheets to the wind crossword answers. So freshwater blobs drift, sometimes causing major trouble, and Greenland floods thus have the potential to stop the enormous heat transfer that keeps the North Atlantic Current going strong. Fjords are long, narrow canyons, little arms of the sea reaching many miles inland; they were carved by great glaciers when the sea level was lower.

Define Three Sheets In The Wind

Another sat on Hudson's Bay, and reached as far west as the foothills of the Rocky Mountains—where it pushed, head to head, against ice coming down from the Rockies. Subarctic ocean currents were reaching the southern California coastline, and Santa Barbara must have been as cold as Juneau is now. In the first few years the climate could cool as much as it did during the misnamed Little Ice Age (a gradual cooling that lasted from the early Renaissance until the end of the nineteenth century), with tenfold greater changes over the next decade or two. The populous parts of the United States and Canada are mostly between the latitudes of 30° and 45°, whereas the populous parts of Europe are ten to fifteen degrees farther north. Though some abrupt coolings are likely to have been associated with events in the Canadian ice sheet, the abrupt cooling in the previous warm period, 122, 000 years ago, which has now been detected even in the tropics, shows that flips are not restricted to icy periods; they can also interrupt warm periods like the present one. Tropical swamps decrease their production of methane at the same time that Europe cools, and the Gobi Desert whips much more dust into the air. History is full of withdrawals from knowledge-seeking, whether for reasons of fundamentalism, fatalism, or "government lite" economics. That's because water density changes with temperature. It has been called the Nordic Seas heat pump. Paleoclimatic records reveal that any notion we may once have had that the climate will remain the same unless pollution changes it is wishful thinking. But we can't assume that anything like this will counteract our longer-term flurry of carbon-dioxide emissions. Oceanographers are busy studying present-day failures of annual flushing, which give some perspective on the catastrophic failures of the past.

What Is 3 Sheets To The Wind

Feedbacks are what determine thresholds, where one mode flips into another. Surprisingly, it may prove possible to prevent flip-flops in the climate—even by means of low-tech schemes. In an abrupt cooling the problem would get worse for decades, and much of the earth would be affected. Seawater is more complicated, because salt content also helps to determine whether water floats or sinks. But just as vaccines and antibiotics presume much knowledge about diseases, their climatic equivalents presume much knowledge about oceans, atmospheres, and past climates. Although we can't do much about everyday weather, we may nonetheless be able to stabilize the climate enough to prevent an abrupt cooling. The Great Salinity Anomaly, a pool of semi-salty water derived from about 500 times as much unsalted water as that released by Russell Lake, was tracked from 1968 to 1982 as it moved south from Greenland's east coast. We are in a warm period now. A gentle pull on a trigger may be ineffective, but there comes a pressure that will suddenly fire the gun. To see how ocean circulation might affect greenhouse gases, we must try to account quantitatively for important nonlinearities, ones in which little nudges provoke great responses.

Three Sheets To The Wind Synonym

It then crossed the Atlantic and passed near the Shetland Islands around 1976. Even the tropics cool down by about nine degrees during an abrupt cooling, and it is hard to imagine what in the past could have disturbed the whole earth's climate on this scale. It's happening right now:a North Atlantic Oscillation started in 1996. N. London and Paris are close to the 49°N line that, west of the Great Lakes, separates the United States from Canada. These northern ice sheets were as high as Greenland's mountains, obstacles sufficient to force the jet stream to make a detour. Counting those tree-ring-like layers in the ice cores shows that cooling came on as quickly as droughts. Because water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas, this decrease in average humidity would cool things globally.

The Sheet In 3 Sheets To The Wind Crossword Answers

From there it was carried northward by the warm Norwegian Current, whereupon some of it swung west again to arrive off Greenland's east coast—where it had started its inch-per-second journey. But to address how all these nonlinear mechanisms fit together—and what we might do to stabilize the climate—will require some speculation. We might, for example, anchor bargeloads of evaporation-enhancing surfactants (used in the southwest corner of the Dead Sea to speed potash production) upwind from critical downwelling sites, letting winds spread them over the ocean surface all winter, just to ensure later flushing. These days when one goes to hear a talk on ancient climates of North America, one is likely to learn that the speaker was forced into early retirement from the U. Geological Survey by budget cuts. The Atlantic would be even saltier if it didn't mix with the Pacific, in long, loopy currents. By 250, 000 years ago Homo erectushad died out, after a run of almost two million years.

Sudden onset, sudden recovery—this is why I use the word "flip-flop" to describe these climate changes. We need to make sure that no business-as-usual climate variation, such as an El Niño or the North Atlantic Oscillation, can push our climate onto the slippery slope and into an abrupt cooling. Implementing it might cost no more, in relative terms, than building a medieval cathedral. North-south ocean currents help to redistribute equatorial heat into the temperate zones, supplementing the heat transfer by winds.

Twice a year they sink, carrying their load of atmospheric gases downward. That might result in less evaporation, creating lower-than-normal levels of greenhouse gases and thus a global cooling. Its effects are clearly global too, inasmuch as it is part of a long "salt conveyor" current that extends through the southern oceans into the Pacific. And in the absence of a flushing mechanism to sink cooled surface waters and send them southward in the Atlantic, additional warm waters do not flow as far north to replenish the supply. In places this frozen fresh water descends from the highlands in a wavy staircase. Further investigation might lead to revisions in such mechanistic explanations, but the result of adding fresh water to the ocean surface is pretty standard physics. By 125, 000 years ago Homo sapienshad evolved from our ancestor species—so the whiplash climate changes of the last ice age affected people much like us. Many ice sheets had already half melted, dumping a lot of fresh water into the ocean. Like a half-beaten cake mix, with strands of egg still visible, the ocean has a lot of blobs and streams within it. Keeping the present climate from falling back into the low state will in any case be a lot easier than trying to reverse such a change after it has occurred. There is another part of the world with the same good soil, within the same latitudinal band, which we can use for a quick comparison.

The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. A muddle-through scenario assumes that we would mobilize our scientific and technological resources well in advance of any abrupt cooling problem, but that the solution wouldn't be simple. Thus the entire lake can empty quickly. Rather than a vigorous program of studying regional climatic change, we see the shortsighted preaching of cheaper government at any cost. This scenario does not require that the shortsighted be in charge, only that they have enough influence to put the relevant science agencies on starvation budgets and to send recommendations back for yet another commission report due five years hence. Ours is now a brain able to anticipate outcomes well enough to practice ethical behavior, able to head off disasters in the making by extrapolating trends. Because such a cooling would occur too quickly for us to make readjustments in agricultural productivity and supply, it would be a potentially civilization-shattering affair, likely to cause an unprecedented population crash. Any abrupt switch in climate would also disrupt food-supply routes. The U. S. Geological Survey took old lake-bed cores out of storage and re-examined them.

The only reason that two percent of our population can feed the other 98 percent is that we have a well-developed system of transportation and middlemen—but it is not very robust. Although the sun's energy output does flicker slightly, the likeliest reason for these abrupt flips is an intermittent problem in the North Atlantic Ocean, one that seems to trigger a major rearrangement of atmospheric circulation. It has excellent soils, and largely grows its own food. When the warm currents penetrate farther than usual into the northern seas, they help to melt the sea ice that is reflecting a lot of sunlight back into space, and so the earth becomes warmer. The high state of climate seems to involve ocean currents that deliver an extraordinary amount of heat to the vicinity of Iceland and Norway. Of particular importance are combinations of climate variations—this winter, for example, we are experiencing both an El Niño and a North Atlantic Oscillation—because such combinations can add up to much more than the sum of their parts. Indeed, we've had an unprecedented period of climate stability. The last time an abrupt cooling occurred was in the midst of global warming. The North Atlantic Current is certainly something big, with the flow of about a hundred Amazon Rivers. They are utterly unlike the changes that one would expect from accumulating carbon dioxide or the setting adrift of ice shelves from Antarctica. But our current warm-up, which started about 15, 000 years ago, began abruptly, with the temperature rising sharply while most of the ice was still present.

We need heat in the right places, such as the Greenland Sea, and not in others right next door, such as Greenland itself. Glaciers pushing out into the ocean usually break off in chunks. There is also a great deal of unsalted water in Greenland's glaciers, just uphill from the major salt sinks.

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